Sigma-0 Browse Product FAQ
This page contains frequently answered questions regarding
the BYU MERS SeaWinds/QuikScat Sigma-0 Browse Product.
Why a sigma-0 browse product?
The sigma-0 browse products are intended to help users to identify
features of interest directly in the Qscat sigma-0 measurements by providing a
spatial and temporal (over one day) average view of the Qscat sigma-0
measurements. The resulting iamges can be used to identify areas
of potential interst over land, ice, and ocean.
As a cautionary note, experience suggests
that the sigma-0 images contain many features which can be difficult
to explain and can be misleading, in part because forward and aft-looking
measurements are combined. Comparison with the corresponding
wind maps is strongly recommended.
What are the available products?
Sigma-o browse products are produced on three grid productions: 1) a global
rectangular lat/lon grid, 2) a southern hemisphere polar stereographic
projection, and 3) a northern hemisphere polar stereographic projection.
The global projection product is best suited for equatorial and
mid-latitude views, while the polar stereographic projections are best
suited for high-latitude views. While the global browse product includes
the entire globe, the grid distortion in the global projection results
in very poor sampling in the polar regions; hence the production of
separate polar products. The polar stereographic views include only
measurements above a high latitude cutoff of 52 deg.
One set of image products is produced per mission Julian day. For each
of the three projections, three separate image products are produced: the
mean sigma-0 value in each pixel, the normalized standard deviation of the
measurement in each pixel, and the count of the number measurements used in
each pixel. Each image browse product is stored in a separate file.
What is the resolution of the images?
The grid resolution for the global projection is 5 pixels/deg, or about
22.5 km/pixel at the equator. The polar stereographic projections use a
70 deg reference latitude with a nominal grid size of about 22.5 km.
How are the browse products produced?
The center of each L1B egg sigma-0 measurement is located and averaged into
the grid element which contains the center of the measurement. Thus, the
effective resolution of the image products is less than the pixel resolution,
or approximately 55-60 km at the equator. The resulting images are temporal
averages over a one day period of all the sigma-0 measurements whose centers
fall within each image pixel area.
Computation of the average sigma-0 value is done in normal space (not in dB)
with negative values included. If the resulting average is negative, the
sign of the corresponding count image pixel is set to negative. The count
images are also useful for creating multi-day averages and as a quality
control.
Note that due to the rotation of the antenna, the cross-track density of
sigma-0 measurements varies with more measurements at the outer edges of
the swath than at the swath center. As a result, swath edges are clearly
visible in the count images. Note that some areas may not be covered in a
single day, resulting in diamond shaped regions of no coverage in
mid-latitude and equatorial averages.
What data is used to make the sigma-0 browse products?
The sigma-0 browse products are produced from L1B data. Only measurements
flagged as `usable' are included in the browse products.
What about time/azimuth variations?
All \sigmao measurements (from a single beam) falling within a single pixel
are averaged and thus forward-looking and aft-looking measurements are
averaged. The resulting average is over the various azimuth angles of the
measurements. The azimuth angle sampling varies with pixel location and the
Julian day and may be affected by missing or low-quality data. Swath edge
discontinuities may result in areas of significant azimuth modulation of
sigma-0 at surface. The normalized standard deviation (K_p) images can be
used to evaluate temporal and azimuth variation in the sigma-0 measurements.
What is the file format used for the products?
The browse image products are stored in the BYU MERS SIR file format
in which the image is stored as a scientific (real valued) image that
includes both location and transformation information in a header.
Viewer and reader programs for the BYU MERS SIR file format are available
on line from the BYU
MERS web site and MERS ftp site.
A SIR format file consists of one or more 512 byte headers followed by the
image data and additional zero padding to insure that the file is a multiple of
512 bytes long. The file header record contains all of the information
required to read the remainder of the file and the map projection
information required to map pixels to lat/long on the Earth surface.
The image pixel values may be stored in one of three ways. The primary way
is as 2 byte integers (with the high order byte first), though the pixels
may be stored as single bytes or IEEE floating point values. Scale
factors are stored in the header to convert the integer or byte pixel values
to native floating point units.
The sir file header contains other numerical values and strings which describe
the image contents. For example, a no-data flag value is set in the header as
well as a nominal display range and the minimum and maximum representable
value.
The image is stored in row-scanned (left to right) order from the lower left
corner (the origin of the image) up through the upper right corner. By
default, the location of a pixel is identified with its lower-left corner.
The origin of pixel (1,1) is the lower left corner of the image. The array
index $n$ of the $(i,j)^{th}$ pixel where $i$ is horizontal and $j$ is
vertical is given by $n=(j-1)*N_x+i$ where $N_x$ is the horizontal
dimension of the image.
What is the product naming scheme?
A standardized naming schem is used for the brose products. The
file name is prefaced by "QS_Xb". A three character string follows
which denotes the image type and location. This is follwed by "S3C"
and a four digiti year and 3 digit Julian data of the data contained
in the file. The file extension is the year, day, and time of the
file production. For example: QS_XbvaGS3C1999240.1999145010233
The three character image type/location scheme is:
First character: the beam polarization code, "h"=inner beam,
"v"=outer beam.
Second character: the image type code, "a"=mean sigma-0, "C"=count of measurements, "K"=normalized standard deviation.
Third character: the region/projection code, "G"=global, "N"=northern hemisphere, "S"=southern hemisphere.
Where is the full documentation?
Documentation is available in either postscript (965K) or pdf (208K) form. Further information
is available on line from the
BYU MERS web site
Note: All BYU-produced data products and associated documentation and software
are copyright BYU. BYU-produced data products may not be used for commercial
purposes without written authorization by Dr. David G. Long (further
authorization may be required from NASA). Appropriate acknowledgement for
BYU MERS and the JPL PO.DAAC
should be given when using data products in published works,
with a copy of the publication sent to Dr. David G. Long and to the
JPL PO.DAAC.
Last revised: 7 Sept. 1999
Send suggestions or comments to mers-info@ee.byu.edu
© 1999 Microwave Earth Remote Sensing (MERS), Brigham Young University.
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